Uterine Fibroids vs Uterine Cancer: Is There a Link?

While both uterine fibroids and uterine cancer can present similar symptoms, their cause, severity and treatments are different. Here, we explore the differences between uterine fibroids and uterine cancer, whether there is a link between the two, and highlights when to seek medical advice.

What Are Uterine Fibroids?

Uterine fibroids, also known as leiomyomas or myomas, are non-cancerous growths that develop in or around the uterus. They are composed of smooth muscle and fibrous tissue and vary in size, from tiny, barely visible nodules to large masses that can distort the shape of the uterus. Fibroids are extremely common, particularly among women of reproductive age.

Common symptoms of uterine fibroids include:

• Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding
• Pelvic pain or pressure
• Frequent urination or difficulty emptying the bladder
• Constipation
• Pain during intercourse

What Is Uterine Cancer?

Uterine cancer refers to malignant growths that originate in the uterus, with the most common type being endometrial cancer, which develops in the lining of the uterus (endometrium). A less common type is uterine sarcoma, which arises in the muscle or supporting tissue of the uterus. Unlike fibroids, uterine cancer poses a serious threat to one’s health and can spread to other parts of the body if not detected and treated early.

Symptoms of uterine cancer may include:

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding, particularly if one is post-menopausal
• Unusual vaginal discharge
• Pelvic pain or pressure
• Pain during intercourse
• Unexplained weight loss

How Are They Diagnosed?

Although the symptoms of uterine fibroids and uterine cancer can overlap, the way they are diagnosed can differ:

• Uterine Fibroids: Diagnosis typically involves a pelvic examination followed by imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. Fibroids often have a characteristic appearance that makes them distinguishable from other abnormalities.
• Uterine Cancer: Diagnosis requires a more invasive approach, including endometrial biopsy or dilation and curettage (D&C), which involves sampling tissue from the uterine lining to check for cancerous cells.

Is There a Link Between Uterine Fibroids and Uterine Cancer?

Research indicates that there is no direct causal relationship between uterine fibroids and uterine cancer. However, certain overlapping risk factors may contribute to the development of either conditions. These include:

• Age: Both conditions are more likely to occur in women over 40.
• Hormonal Influences: High levels of oestrogen are associated with an increased risk of fibroid growth and certain types of uterine cancer.
• Obesity: Excess weight can elevate oestrogen levels, which can contribute to the risk of both conditions.
• Family History: A family history of fibroids or cancer can increase susceptibility to either condition.

Importantly, having uterine fibroids does not increase the likelihood of developing uterine cancer. However, in rare cases, a type of cancer called leiomyosarcoma may develop in the uterine muscle and mimic fibroids. It is important to monitor any suspicious or rapidly growing uterine masses, as these could indicate malignancy.

Key Differences to Note

• Nature: Fibroids are benign; uterine cancer is malignant.
• Progression: Fibroids grow slowly and remain localized; uterine cancer can spread to other organs.
• Diagnosis: Imaging often suffices for fibroids; cancer diagnosis requires biopsy.

When to See a Doctor

Consult a gynaecologist if you experience:

• Heavy or abnormal vaginal bleeding
• Post-menopausal bleeding
• Rapidly enlarging pelvic mass
• Persistent pelvic pain or pressure

Early detection is crucial, especially for uterine cancer. Routine pelvic exams and prompt evaluation of abnormal symptoms can help ensure accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.